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Constructivist Posters

12/15/2019

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The term Constructivism was coined by a socially minded group of artists working in the Soviet Union at the end of the Bolshevik Civil War in the early '20s. The Constructivists were young artists who felt that art should have a revolutionary purpose and should contribute to the "construction" of a new communist society, one based on science and modern technology.
 
Adapting the avant-garde forms of Cubism and Futurism, the Constructivists created a new "agitational" vocabulary for the Revolution, which became the dominant style in the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1933. Their posters were the first to incorporate photography as a graphic design element, along with strident slogans, powerful typefaces and dynamic compositions constructed of strong diagonals. Pioneers of this style were the team of Rodchenko and Mayakovsky in advertising and the Stenberg Brothers in film posters. Gustav Klutsis and his wife Valentina Kulagina carried on this vocabulary into the first Five Year Plan of 1928-1933, creating heroic images of Stalin and his accomplishments in forceful compositions. The style ultimately was superseded by Social Realism, a less dramatic and graphic approach favored by Stalin as the Thirties progressed.
 
The design legacy of the Constructivists was conveyed to Western Europe by El Lissitsky, who traveled widely in the Twenties. Lissitsky's impact was pivotal to the development of the rational modern aesthetic at the Bauhaus and beyond.

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LEADING ARTISTS
Barutchev, Blik, Dlugach, Klutsis, Koretsky, Pernikov, Rodchenko, Stenberg Brothers
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Wes Wilson

12/13/2019

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Wes Wilson (born July 15, 1937) is an American artist and one of the leading designers of psychedelic posters. Best known for designing posters for Bill Graham of The Fillmore in San Francisco, he invented a style that is now synonymous with the peace movement, psychedelic era and the 1960s. In particular, he is known for inventing and popularizing a "psychedelic" font around 1966 that made the letters look like they were moving or melting. His style was heavily influenced by the Art Nouveau movement. Wilson is considered to be one of "The Big Five" San Francisco poster artists, along with Alton Kelley, Victor Moscoso, Rick Griffin, and Stanley Mouse.
 
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Wes Wilson is one of the most important designers during the psychedelic movement. He was a graphic artist that founded the rock concert posters in the 1960s, translate what one can see and hear into visual psychedelic iconography. He used to work in a small press that used to produce handbills, here he did layouts and designs, and eventually here he was recognised as a poster designer. In 1966 the legendary Trips Festival were among the events that publish a flyer designed by Wilson, and this is when the combination of music and drugs made him fall in love with them.  

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Wilson than started to work more freely, he also started experimenting, inspired mostly by the Viennese Secessionist lettering style, where he changed the style to fit his own goal, expose' the characters by increasing their outlines and shapes, and he also played with foregrounds and backgrounds. He also made a step forward in colours; he started to influence himself from lightshows of the concerts.  He used to do posters to the Fillmore Auditorium, dance concerts managed by Bill Graham.  He produce psychedelic posters from 1966 until 1967, when he had an argument regard money with Graham and so he stopped doing posters for him. Wilson’s work went beyond the limits of psychedelic subculture, resulting in profiles in magazines.
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​He influenced many young artists that in short time new artists that copied his work soon replaced him. Wilson insists that he is the first artist that created psychedelic posters. According to some artists, they believe that he used to select his colours from his visual effects of LSD.
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Years later in 1990, the Springfield Museum of Art invited him to exhibit his work of the 1960s entitled Looking Back, Rock Posters of the 1960s. As a result of this exhibition, he seemed to take interest again in graphic design, and so for four years, 1991 to 1995 he published a news journal devoted to the world of poster art.
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Max Bill

12/10/2019

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Max Bill was a Swiss artist and designer who founded the Concrete Art movement. His interpretations of Constructivism through painting and sculpture, integrated the study of both geometry and mathematics into his art practice. “I am of the opinion that it is possible to develop an art largely on the basis of mathematical thinking,” Bill once reflected.

Born on December 22, 1908 in Winterthur, Switzerland he studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Zurich from 1924–1927, then with Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee at the Bauhaus school in Dessau for the next two years. Later the co-founder of the Ulm School of Arts and Crafts, he served as the head of architecture and product design there during the 1950s, and later as part of the Swiss Parliament from 1967 to 1971. Bill died on December 9, 1994 in Berlin at the age of 85.

Today, he is perhaps best remembered today for his chronoscopes (wrist watches) which are manufactured by the Junghans company in Germany. His works are also held in the collections of a number of institutions, including The Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., among others. 
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Max Bill was a leader in the Concrete Art movement. In 1924, he trained as a silversmith at the School of Applied Arts in Zurich, but after seeing the work of Le Corbusier, his interests shifted to architecture, and he became a student at the Bauhaus in Dessau. There, he studied under notable artists such as Joseph Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee. After moving to Zurich in 1929, Bill began pursuing a career as an architect, sculptor, painter, industrial designer, and graphic artist. Inspired by the ideas of Theo van Doesburg, Bill formulated principles of Concrete Art, applying mathematics and geometry to his work.

In 1944, Bill founded the journal Abstrakt Konkret, and, in the 1950s, started writing monographs, catalogues, and journal entries exploring his theories of Abstract Constructivism. Together with Otl Aicher and activist Inge Scholl, Bill founded the Ulm Hochschule für Gestaltung (College of Design), where he became the head of the architecture and Industrial Design departments. Between 1967 and 1974, he taught environmental design at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste (College of Fine Arts) in Hamburg. After joining Allianz (Union of Modern Swiss Artists) in 1941, he founded a publishing company of the same name, and was a member of Abstraction-Création artist association, CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne), Academy for the Arts in Berlin, Bauhaus Archival Association of Berlin, I.C.P. (Institut Für Progressive Kultur), U.A.M. (Union des Artistes Modernes), and various other associations and councils of German and Swiss workers. During his career, Bill was awarded the Grand Prix in both Brazil and Italy. His other achievements include the Award for Art in Zurich and two honorary degrees.



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Art Nouveau & Art Deco

12/10/2019

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 ART NOUVEAU
(1880-1914)


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It means “new art” and embraced Europe’s new industrial aesthetic rather than challenged it. It featured naturalistic but stylised forms, often combined with shapes which were more geometric like parabolas, and semicircles. The movement used forms from the natural world that had not been used for long like insects, weeds, even mythical faeries.

Designs were are asymmetric and they replicated organic forms as trees and vegetation. Curved lines were prefered to straight parallel lines. In architecture the some straight lines were required but the architects tried to make them look visually organic in nature using ornamentation when necessary, and to be in harmony with the natural surroundings if possible. Women depicted in Art Nouveau pieces will often have flowing hair. Those in more provocative poses may have their hair down or even be nude draped in billowy folds of fabric.
The style unifies the styles that emerged in many countries in Europe at about the same time: in Austria it is known as Secessionsstil after Wiener Secession; in Spanish Modernismo; in Catalan Modernisme; in Czech Secese; in Danish Skønvirke or Jugendstil; in German Jugendstil, Art Nouveau or Reformstil; in Hungarian Szecesszió; in Italian Art Nouveau, Stile Liberty or Stile floreale; in Norwegian Jugendstil; in Polish Secesja; in Slovak Secesia; in Russian Модерн (Modern); and in Swedish Jugend.

Gustav Klimt or Alphonse Mucha are two of the most popular artists and in the website we provide you with an agenda with the activities. For example we talked about the impressive exhibit that took place in Paris about Klimt‘s art or about who was alphonse Mucha, an amazing history.

ART DECO
(1920-1940)


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Art Deco took its name, short for Arts Décoratifs, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925. It emerged mainly in France and celebrated the dawn of the industrial age. The style adopted in Art Deco architecture was bold straight lines arranged symmetric like machines with equally bold colours unlike natural shades. Art Deco architecture also used lavish ornamentation in a way that was on your face reflecting the spirit of the times which was predominantly full of confidence enjoying the prosperity brought about by industrialisation and scientific advances. Art Deco also reflects the artistic movement of the era: cubism, fauvism, expressionism, etc.
The deprivations of the Great War years gave way to a whole new opulence and extravagance that defined the Jazz Age and the Art Deco aesthetic. The movement is characterised by streamlined and geometric shapes. It also used modern materials like chrome and stainless steel. If Art Deco dabbled with natural materials, they tended to be graphic or textural, like zebra skin or jagged fern leaves. As a result, Deco featured bold shapes like sunbursts and zigzags and broad curves.
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The style has only one name, a factor that makes it easier to have all the documentation unified.
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Japonism Movement

12/8/2019

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The term is generally said to have been coined by the French critic Philippe Burty in the early 1870s. It described the craze for Japanese art and design that swept France and elsewhere after trade with Japan resumed in the 1850s, the country having been closed to the West since about 1600.

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Depicting the world through an alternate lens from the Western Renaissance, the introduction of Japanese art and design to Europe brought about revolutions in composition, palette, and perspectival space. Japonism, also often referred to by the French term, japonisme, refers to the incorporation of either iconography or concepts of Japanese art into European art and design. It is important to note that this integration was often based on European notions of Japanese culture as much as authentic influence. Most of the Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist artists, as well as the members of the Aesthetic movement, were deeply influenced by this new approach to representation.

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Studying Japanese prints, painters began to experiment with new ideas of perspective. They copied the common juxtapositions of objects near and far, along with unconventional cropping to create less symmetrical and more engaging compositions. This, combined with bright patterns of juxtaposed colors, often rendered in flat planes reminiscent of woodblock prints, created a flattening effect that became central to modernist painting.
The appeal of Japonism was paradoxical: it was both appreciated for its exoticism and quickly assimilated as the organic expression of Western artistic ideals. Elements of the Japanese style were considered to express French and British sensibilities, even when they remained identifiable as Asian influences.
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Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky

12/7/2019

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Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky was a Russian painter and art theorist. Kandinsky is generally credited as the pioneer of abstract art. Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa, where he graduated at Grekov Odessa Art school.
He enrolled at the University of Moscow, studying law and economics. Successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship at the University of Dorpat—Kandinsky began painting studies at the age of 30. In 1896, Kandinsky settled in Munich, studying first at Anton Ažbe's private school and then at the Academy of Fine Arts. He returned to Moscow in 1914, after the outbreak of World War I.
Following the Russian Revolution, Kandinsky "became an insider in the cultural administration of Anatoly Lunacharsky" and helped establish the Museum of the Culture of Painting. However, by then "his spiritual outlook... was foreign to the argumentative materialism of Soviet society", and opportunities beckoned in Germany, to which he returned in 1920. There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France, where he lived for the rest of his life, becoming a French citizen in 1939 and producing some of his most prominent art. He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.

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A Russian-born artist, one of the first creators of pure abstraction in modern painting. After successful avant-garde exhibitions, he founded the influential Munich group Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider”; 1911–14) and began completely abstract painting. His forms evolved from fluid and organic to geometric and, finally, to pictographic.

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                                     Bauhaus Period

By this time Kandinsky had an international reputation as a painter. He had always, however, been interested in teaching, first as a lecturer in law and economics just after getting his university degree, then as the master of a painting school he had organised in Munich, and more recently as a professor at the University of Moscow. He seems not to have hesitated, therefore, when early in 1922 he was offered a teaching post at Weimar in the already famous Bauhaus school of architecture and applied art. At first his duties were a little remote from his personal activity, for the Bauhaus was not concerned with the formation of “painters” in the traditional sense of the word. He lectured on the elements of form, gave a course in colour, and directed the mural workshop. Not until 1925, when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, did he have a class in “free,” nonapplied painting. In spite of the somewhat routine nature of his work, however, he appears to have found life at the Bauhaus rewarding and pleasant. The climate was one of research and craftsmanship combined with a certain amount of aesthetic puritanism; it was classical, to use the term rather loosely, by comparison with the warm romanticism of his pre-1914 days in Munich.
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